According to reports, Ethereum is addressing the blockchain "trilemma" by integrating PeerDAS on the mainnet with zkEVMs reaching "alpha" performance. Vitalik Buterin outlined a roadmap from 2026-2030 where proofs will replace re-execution for block validation. The Fusaka upgrade, activated on December 3, 2025, introduced PeerDAS, which uses sampling to ensure data availability without requiring every node to download all data. Nodes subscribe to a small slice of blob data, checking random pieces to guarantee the whole thing is there. This aims to increase throughput while managing the workload for regular nodes. The upgrade also includes blob parameter-only forks (BPO), mini-upgrades that adjust blob targets and maximums without a hard fork. BPO1 raised blob targets on December 9, 2025, and BPO2 is set for January 7, 2026.

According to reports, Ethereum is addressing the blockchain "trilemma" by integrating PeerDAS on the mainnet with zkEVMs reaching "alpha" performance. Vitalik Buterin outlined a roadmap from 2026-2030 where proofs will replace re-execution for block validation. The Fusaka upgrade, activated on December 3, 2025, introduced PeerDAS, which uses sampling to ensure data availability without requiring every node to download all data. Nodes subscribe to a small slice of blob data, checking random pieces to guarantee the whole thing is there. This aims to increase throughput while managing the workload for regular nodes. The upgrade also includes blob parameter-only forks (BPO), mini-upgrades that adjust blob targets and maximums without a hard fork. BPO1 raised blob targets on December 9, 2025, and BPO2 is set for January 7, 2026.